Some info on gl-4 and gl-5
There is a lot of confusion about gear oils and the API classifications. In this paper I will try to
differentiate the two oils and clear up the mysteries that are flying all over the internet. It is extremely
common, or normal, for all GL-5 oils to claim they cover the API GL-4 requirements for gear oils. This
is a true statement. Does that make them satisfactory for synchromesh or synchronized transmissions?
NO! They meet the GEAR OIL specifications, not transmission oil specifications. The API GL-4 and
GL-5 categories do not mention or have anything to do with transmission synchronizers.
History:
The gear oils of a few decades ago had lead additives that were effective at wear reduction, but not very
good for the environment. A long time ago they began to be replaced by gear oils with a phosphorous
additive (in itself a decent anti-wear additive) with active sulfur to grip hold of the gears and create a
very solid sacrificial layer of material that could be worn off, thereby protecting the gear surface.
Eventually it was discovered that the active sulfur was causing corrosion of brass and other soft metals
used in differentials and transmissions.Somewhere around 25 years ago a deactivated or buffered sulfur was developed that would react with
the phosphorous to create the protective/sacrificial layer in the conditions created in the gear boxes
(temperature and pressure) without being corrosive to the brass, copper, etc. This additive system is
used in most gear oils today.
The problems arise when we try or need to use the same product in the transmission that we use in the
differential. Many people have called oil companies and been told by the “Techs” that answer their
questions that their oils have buffered sulfur and therefore are not corrosive to yellow metals, so their GL-5 oils can be used with brass components. While that answer is totally correct, it does not address
the question asked: Can I use your GL-5 in my synchromesh transmission?
Let’s take a look at the API GL-5 rating. It is a rating for EP (Extreme Pressure) protection. The higher
the EP protection, the higher the GL category. In the mid 60's, Ford needed better protection in their
pickup trucks and GM developed the front wheel drive Oldsmobile Toronado that had a differential
with a very high angle of contact for power transmission to the wheels so a higher category was
developed (later to be called GL-6) to offer the protection needed. This level of protection can still be
claimed, but can no longer be tested since the Toronado rig used to test it is no longer available. (Note:
The 1966 and 1967 Toronados had sun gears between the axle shafts instead of spyder gears and a very
high offset, while suffering from the high temperatures of the engine compartment and very high
pressures.) This is why you will frequently see GL-6 listed as “obsolete”. The test is obsolete, not the
car or its needs. Many other high performance cars continue to spec this level of EP performance.
In normal operation, the sulfur/phosphorous additive forms a black sacrificial coating on the gears and
anything it touches with a little pressure and temperature. As the gears turn, instead of wearing, the
sacrificial coating of additives is peeled off or worn off. This is normal and acceptable in all steel gears.
But when one or more of the surfaces is brass or another soft metal, the sacrificial coating is stronger
than the base metal, and instead of just peeling off, it takes with it a few microns of brass that it is
bound to.A traditional GL-4 gear oil of any given viscosity has about ½ of the level of sulfur/phosphorous
additive that would be in the GL-5 product, so the bond is not as strong, and therefore can be peeled off without peeling a layer of brass (or less brass). This means that the GL-4 product provides a little less
extreme pressure protection, so in the differential of a high-powered car, it would not be the ideal
product in the differential. To understand this need we should be aware of the fact that the differential is
where the final torque is applied to the wheels (in most applications).
But in the transmission, we should consider two factors:
• Due to the fact that the differential applies the final torque, normally we do not need the full EP
protection in the transmission where less torque (about 30%) is applied.
We need to be able to break the EP protection to stop the spinning of the gears long enough to
mesh them or synchronize them.
When we use a GL-5 product in a transmission that requires GL-4, we normally find 2 to 4 times as
much copper in the used oil as we would with a GL-4 product (with used oil analysis). Eventually the
synchronizers wear to the point that they no longer make contact with the other half of the cone,
bottoming out before stopping the opposing gear.
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