I never stated that fitting a bigger battery will 100% cure the OP's problem, he needs to find the cause first!
However it is well known that VW has skimped on the Ah rating (size) of the batteries as my car has a battery of similar Ah (size) to my previous car & yet has way more electrical load & accessories!
Fitting a bigger case size (Ah) will NOT harm the cars electrics as it is still a 12V battery. If you stick to the physical case sizing that VW design the battery tray for then you are ok.
Even if you swap out your "duff" battery for the exact same size/type & have the stop/start feature you need VCDS to tell the control module that a new battery has been fitted. You can also use VCDS to tell the control module that a bigger battery & different type has been fitted also.
I have had a bigger battery & different type fitted (compared to factory) for over 20 months now & NO problems, NO fault codes etc.
Other people has successfully done it, & I have done same to all my cars over the past 22yrs all NO problems so I really do not know why you state that fitting a bigger battery "but also harms electric components.".