Pads had a mm or 2 overhang on the 312mm rotors.
Maybe 314x30mm rotors from VW Tiguan/ Skoda Kodiaq is worth a try? I found out on some russian forums that this A4 B9 ATE 4 pot swap is somewhat common there and they use this rotors (314x30mm), M10 banjo bolt (17-18mm length of the banjo bolt) to stock brake lines and they cut the harmonic dampers on the on the inner brake pad if using A4B9 pads, or they use pads from TTS for this swap (But TTS caliper has harmonic damper on the caliper, A4B9 has harmonic dampers on pads instead, so, mounting TTS pads on A4B9 caliper potencially can have NVH issues in my opinion)
OEM 314x30mm rotor part no. 5QF615301A/1K0615301AJ , Bosch part number 09.B635.11
Worth mentioning, that these calipers are produced in two versions, 318mm and 338mm. As they're monoblock, they must have fixed mounting points, making 318 version to small to swap on MQB
OEM part no. for left 338mm caliper: 8W0615107A / 8W0615107E / 8W0615107C / 8W0615107AA (factory painted in red)
OEM part no. for right 338mm caliper: 8W0615108A / 8W0615108E / 8W0615108C / 8W0615108AA (factory painted in red)
This calipers are found on A4/A5 B9, A6/A7 C8, Q5 FY,
Also worth mentioning, that Q5 FY, apart of 338mm ATE monoblock caliper, simultaneously is produced with 338mm Brembo monoblock caliper (the popular, Macan/Q5 8R brembo caliper is two-piece) and the rotor is the same for both calipers in Q5, so i think that it can be mounted the same way, on the 314x30mm rotor, like the ATE caliper in MQB cars.
Brembo monoblock calipers OE numers
left: 80A615107 / 80A615107A / 80A615107N (factory painted in red) / 80A615107P (factory painted in red)
right: 80A615108 / 80A615108A / 80A615108N (factory painted in red) / 80A615108P (factory painted in red)